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Table 4 Psychometric properties of the Kinyarwanda version of PAID, replicating the four-factor Spanish model

From: Cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the Kinyarwanda version of the problem areas in diabetes (PAID) questionnaire

 

Mean (SD), median (IQR)

Standardised loading a

S.E

R2

Emotional problems (CR = 0.875, Cronbach’s α = 0.85)

3. Feeling scared when you think about living with diabetes

2.27 (1.40), 2 (1–4)

0.709

0.037

0.503

6. Feeling depressed when you think about living with diabetes

2.08 (1.45), 2 (1–3)

0.762

0.028

0.581

7. Not knowing if your mood or feelings are related to your diabetes

2.12 (1.23), 2 (1–3)

0.481

0.047

0.231

8. Feeling overwhelmed by your diabetes

2.39 (1.33), 2 (1–4)

0.659

0.041

0.435

9. Worrying about low blood sugar reactions

2.33 (1.34), 2 (1–4)

0.451

0.047

0.204

10. Feeling angry when you think about living with diabetes

1.44 (1.43), 1 (0–3)

0.661

0.039

0.437

12. Worrying about the future and the possibility of serious complications

3.11 (1.15), 4 (3–4)

0.633

0.046

0.401

13. Feelings of guilt or anxiety when you get off track with your diabetes management

2.31 (1.20), 3 (1–3)

0.460

0.050

0.212

14. Not “accepting” your diabetes

1.27 (1.33), 1 (0–2)

0.556

0.047

0.309

16. Feeling that diabetes is taking up too much of your mental and physical energy every day

2.16 (1.38), 2 (1–3)

0.637

0.044

0.405

19. Coping with complications of diabetes

2.26 (1.30), 2 (1–3)

0.497

0.051

0.247

20. Feeling “burned out” by the constant effort needed to manage diabetes

1.88 (1.43), 2 (1–3)

0.737

0.032

0.544

Treatment problems (CR = 0.666, Cronbach’s α = 0.63)

1. Not having clear and concrete goals for your diabetes care

1.99 (1.37), 2 (1–3)

0.722

0.064

0.521

2. Feeling discouraged with your diabetes treatment plan

1.71 (1.43), 2 (0–3)

0.691

0.061

0.478

Food-related problems (CR = 0.602, Cronbach’s α = 0.54)

4. Uncomfortable social situations related to your diabetes care (e.g., people telling you what to eat)

1.71 (1.31), 2 (1–3)

0.556

0.049

0.309

5. Feelings of deprivation regarding food and meals

2.01 (1.35), 2 (1–3)

0.485

0.052

0.235

11. Feeling constantly concerned about food and eating

2.38 (1.39), 3 (1–4)

0.689

0.047

0.475

Social support problems (CR = 0.745, Cronbach’s α = 0.61)

15. Feeling unsatisfied with your diabetes physician

0.54 (1.14), 0 (0–0)

0.536

0.077

0.287

17. Feeling alone with your diabetes

1.25 (1.36), 1 (0–2)

0.838

0.044

0.702

18. Feeling that your friends and family are not supportive of your diabetes management efforts

1.38 (1.46), 1 (0–3)

0.718

0.045

0.516

  1. SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range, CR composite reliability
  2. aAll standardised loadings were found significant (p < 0.001)