The Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ): development and evaluation of an instrument to assess diabetes self-care activities associated with glycaemic control

Table 5 Comparison of the DSMQ self-care activities in patients with HbA _1c ≤ 7.5%, from 7.6 to 8.9%, and ≥ 9.0%

DSMQ	HbA_1c≤ 7.5%	Sign.^a	HbA_1c7.6–8.9%	Sign.^b	HbA_1c≥ 9.0%	Sign.^c	ANOVA
self-care activities	(n= 67)	Sign.^a	(n= 106)	Sign.^b	(n= 88)	Sign.^c	P-value
Glucose Management	8.7 ± 1.6	*	7.8 ± 2.0	‡	6.4 ± 2.5	‡	<0.001
Dietary Control	6.4 ± 2.1	ns	5.6 ± 2.3	†	4.5 ± 2.4	‡	<0.001
Physical Activity	6.6 ± 2.7	*	5.5 ± 2.7	ns	5.5 ± 2.6	*	0.021
Health-Care Use	8.7 ± 1.6	ns	8.5 ± 1.9	ns	7.9 ± 2.1	*	0.013
Sum Scale	7.7 ± 1.2	†	6.9 ± 1.4	‡	5.9 ± 1.8	‡	<0.001

Data are M ± SD. Tests were One-way ANOVA and Scheffé Test for post-hoc group comparisons. Scheffé Test significance is expressed: * P < 0.05; † P < 0.01; ‡ P < 0.001; ns, not significant.
DSMQ, Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire; HbA_1c, glycated haemoglobin; ANOVA, Analysis of Variance.
^a regards comparison between the first and second group.
^b regards comparison between the second and third group.
^c regards comparison between the third and first group.

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