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Table 1 Subject characteristics according to age

From: The differences in health-related quality of life between younger and older adults and its associated factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Indonesia

Characteristic

Younger adults

Older adults

p value

(18–64) years

(≥ 65) years

(N = 435)

(N = 206)

Mean (± SD) or n (%)

Mean (± SD) or n (%)

Age

55. 32 ± 6.80

70.00 ± 4.60

 

Gender

  

0.008*

Male

86 (19.77)

60 (29.13)

 

Female

349 (80.23)

146 (70.87)

 

Marital status

  

 < 0.001*

Single/never married

8 (1.84)

2 (0.97)

 

Married

375 (86.21)

139 (67.48)

 

Widowed

52 (11.95)

65 (31.55)

 

Level of education

  

0.032*

Illiterate

32 (7.36)

11 (5.34)

 

Elementary school

271 (62.30)

105 (50.98)

 

Junior High School

61 (14.02)

39 (18.94)

 

Senior High School

49 (11.26)

27 (13.10)

 

College or higher

22 (5.06)

24 (11.65)

 

Employment status

  

0.219

Employed

186 (42.76)

92 (44.66)

 

Unemployed

249 (57.24)

114 (55.34)

 

Income

  

0.032*

Low income (less than USD 138 per month)

389 (89.43)

171(83.00)

 

Middle income (USD 138–177 per month)

36 (8.28)

31(15.06)

 

High income (higher than USD 177 per month)

10 (2.29)

4 (1.94)

 

BMI

24.32 ± 4.70

22.90 ± 4.20

 < 0.001*

Duration of DM

  

 < 0.001*

Less than 1 year

49 (11.26)

10 (4.85)

 

1–5 years

238 (54.71)

99 (48.05)

 

6–10 years

96 (22.07)

50 (24.27)

 

More than 10 years

52 (11.96)

47 (22.81)

 

Smoking status

  

0.295

Yes

25 (5.75)

16 (7.77)

 

No

410 (94.25)

190 (92.23)

 

Hypertension

  

0.70

Yes

278 (63.91)

143 (69.42)

 

No

157 (36.09)

63 (30.58)

 

Number of diabetes related complications

  

0.009*

No complications

191(43.90)

66 (32.03)

 

One complication

157 (36.10)

93 (45.14)

 

Two or more complications

87 (20.0)

47 (22.81)

 

Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl)

116 ± 8.90

104 ± 42.70

0.001*

Type of DM medication

0.526

No medication

26 (5.98)

17 (8.25)

 

Insulin

375 (86.20)

177 (85.93)

 

Oral medication

15 (3.45)

4 (1.94)

 

Oral medication and insulin

19 (4.37)

8 (3.88)

 
  1. Data are expressed as group mean (SD) or percentage
  2. Classification of income was according to minimum regional wage
  3. DM diabetes mellitus
  4. *p < 0.05
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Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

ISSN: 1477-7525

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