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Table 5 Factors associated with a good QOL in univariate and multivariate analyses

From: Quality of life and factors associated with a good quality of life among diabetes mellitus patients in northern Thailand

Factors

QOL

Univariate analysis

Multivariate analysis

Good

n (%)

Poor-moderate

n (%)

OR

95% CI

p-value

AOR

95% CI

p-value

Sex

        

Male

217 (54.5)

181 (45.5)

1.30

1.01–1.69

0.040*

   

Female

272 (47.8)

297 (52.2)

1.00

     

Age (years)

        

 ≤ 59

272 (59.0)

189 (41.0)

1.91

1.48–2.47

 < 0.001*

1.90

1.32–2.73

 < 0.001*

 ≥ 60

217 (42.9)

289 (57.1)

1.00

  

1.00

  

Education

        

No education

42 (34.4)

80 (65.6)

1.00

     

Primary school

338 (52.1)

311 (47.9)

2.07

1.38–3.10

 < 0.001*

   

 ≥ High school

109 (55.6)

87 (44.4)

2.38

1.49–3.81

 < 0.001*

   

Occupation

        

Unemployed

139 (49.1)

144 (50.9)

1.00

     

Agriculturist

167 (47.4)

185 (52.6)

0.93

0.68–1.27

0.675

   

Trader

66 (68.7)

30 (31.3)

2.27

1.39–3.72

0.001*

   

Employed

117 (49.6)

119 (50.4)

1.01

0.72–1.43

0.917

   

Annual income (baht)

        

 ≤ 50,000

294 (44.3)

370 (55.7)

1.00

  

1.00

  

50,001–100,000

107 (56.6)

82 (43.4)

1.64

1.18–2.27

0.003*

0.96

0.62–1.48

0.867

 ≥ 100,001

88 (77.2)

26 (22.8)

4.26

2.68–6.77

 < 0.001*

2.16

1.17–3.96

0.001*

Number of family members (people)

        

 ≤ 4

403 (48.7)

425 (51.3)

1.00

     

 ≥ 5

86 (61.9)

53 (38.1)

1.71

1.18–2.47

0.004*

   

Living with

        

Alone

38 (62.3)

23 (37.7)

3.25

1.67–6.31

 < 0.001*

3.38

1.42–8.02

0.006*

Spouse

337 (57.2)

252 (42.8)

2.63

1.69–4.10

 < 0.001*

2.20

1.20–4.02

0.010*

Child

80 (37.0)

136 (63.0)

1.15

0.70–1.90

0.560

0.69

0.35–1.36

 

Relatives

34 (33.7)

67 (66.3)

1.00

  

1.00

  

Smoking

        

No

368 (45.4)

442 (54.6)

1.00

     

Yes

121 (77.1)

36 (22.9)

4.03

2.71–6.00

 < 0.001*

   

Alcohol use

        

No

381 (46.9)

432 (53.1)

1.00

     

Yes

108 (70.1)

46 (29.9)

2.66

1.83–3.86

 < 0.001*

   

Exercise

        

No

191 (38.3)

308 (61.7)

1.00

  

1.00

  

Sometimes

130 (49.1)

135 (50.9)

1.55

1.14–2.09

0.004*

1.28

0.87–1.87

0.200

Regularly

168 (82.8)

35 (17.2)

7.74

5.15–11.62

 < 0.001*

4.72

2.71–8.19

 < 0.001*

Stress (ST-5)

        

Low

388 (54.0)

331 (46.0)

0.62

0.39–0.99

0.046*

   

Moderate

43 (27.0)

116 (73.0)

0.19

0.11–0.34

 < 0.001*

   

High

58 (65.2)

31 (34.8)

1.00

     

Knowledge regarding DM prevention and care

        

Low

17 (21.8)

61 (78.2)

1.00

  

1.00

  

Moderate

117 (30.5)

267 (69.5)

1.57

0.88–2.80

0.126

1.33

0.65–2.72

0.430

High

355 (70.3)

150 (29.7)

8.49

4.80–15.02

 < 0.001*

3.26

1.22–5.55

0.001*

Attitudes regarding DM prevention and care

        

Poor

95 (35.2)

175 (64.8)

1.00

     

Moderate

294 (52.3)

268 (47.7)

2.02

1.49–2.72

 < 0.001*

   

Positive

100 (74.1)

35 (25.9)

5.26

3.32–8.32

 < 0.001*

   

Length of having DM (year)

        

 ≤ 10

348 (49.1)

361 (50.9)

1.71

1.07–2.72

0.023*

   

11–20

110 (64.0)

62 (36.0)

3.14

1.83–5.39

 < 0.001*

   

 > 20

31 (36.0)

55 (64.0)

1.00

     

Experience on having side effect from taking DM medicine

        

No

375 (44.9)

461 (55.1)

1.00

     

Yes

114 (87.0)

17 (13.0)

8.24

4.86–13.97

 < 0.001*

   

Experience on having wound on foots

        

No

439 (48.4)

468 (51.6)

1.00

     

Yes

50 (83.3)

10 (16.7)

5.33

2.67–10.64

 < 0.001*

   

Diabetic nephropathy

        

Yes

126 (25.9)

360 (74.1)

1.00

  

1.00

  

Do not know

88 (83.0)

18 (17.0)

13.96

8.09–24.11

 < 0.001*

2.36

0.96–5.27

0.055

No

275 (73.3)

100 (26.7)

7.85

5.78–10.66

 < 0.001*

7.41

4.99–11.01

 < 0.001*

Controlled blood glucose

        

Yes

199 (45.5)

238 (54.5)

1.00

     

No

290 (54.7)

240 (45.3)

1.44

1.12–1.86

0.005*

   

Having hypertension

        

Yes

245 (47.4)

272 (52.6)

1.00

     

No

194 (49.1)

201 (50.9)

1.07

0.82–1.39

0.605

   

Do not know

50 (90.9)

5 (9.1)

11.10

4.35–28.29

 < 0.001*

   

Medical expenses

        

Pay by self

15 (75.0)

5 (25.0)

1.00

  

1.00

  

Under the universal scheme

474 (50.1)

473 (49.9)

0.33

0.12–0.92

0.035*

4.31

1.15–16.17

0.030*

  1. *Significance level α = 0.05
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