Table 5 Associations between characteristics and CQ-11D index scores

Sex

123.71

< 0.001

Male

Ref.

Female

-0.039

-11.122

< 0.001

-0.137

Age

15.28

< 0.001

15 ∼ 24

Ref.

25∼34

0.002

0.349

0.730

0.006

35∼44

0.004

0.487

0.630

0.009

45∼54

-0.003

-0.392

0.690

-0.008

55∼64

-0.011

-1.339

0.180

-0.025

65∼74

-0.031

-3.377

< 0.001

-0.056

75 + years

-0.065

-7.328

< 0.001

-0.108

Ethnicity

8.26

0.004

Han nationality

Ref.

Ethnic minorities

-0.014

-2.873

< 0.001

-0.030

Geographical division

2.96

0.007

East China

Ref.

North China

-0.009

-1.805

0.070

-0.021

Central China

-0.009

-1.904

0.060

-0.023

South China

0.003

0.669

0.500

0.008

Northeast China

0.005

0.854

0.390

0.010

Northwest China

-0.004

-0.770

0.440

-0.009

Southwest China

0.008

1.747

0.080

0.021

Marital status

15.67

< 0.001

Unmarried

Ref.

Married

-0.008

-1.379

0.170

-0.029

Divorced/widowed

-0.064

-6.300

< 0.001

-0.080

Others

-0.019

-0.493

0.620

-0.005

Education level

5.25

< 0.001

Master's degree and above

Ref.

Primary school and below

-0.022

-2.548

0.010

-0.047

Middle school

0.002

0.321

0.750

0.006

High school/Junior college

0.003

0.376

0.710

0.008

University

0.005

0.789

0.430

0.018

Household registration

5.66

0.017

Non-rural

Ref.

Rural

-0.008

-2.379

0.020

-0.028

Occupation

8.27

< 0.001

Employed

Ref.

Retirement

-0.003

-0.546

0.590

-0.007

Student

-0.021

-3.012

< 0.001

-0.066

Unemployed

-0.023

-3.754

< 0.001

-0.045

Others

0.028

3.063

< 0.001

0.032

Income/month, RMB

3.38

0.003

0 ∼ 1300

Ref.

1300–3300

0.017

3.847

< 0.001

0.053

3300–6300

0.010

1.855

0.060

0.030

6300–13000

0.014

2.261

0.020

0.034

13000–21000

-0.003

-0.293

0.770

-0.003

21000–42000

0.002

0.156

0.880

0.002

42000 and above

-0.004

-0.342

0.730

-0.004

Smoking

11.66

< 0.001

Never smoked

Ref.

Occasional smoker

-0.030

-5.079

< 0.001

-0.057

Frequent smoker

-0.023

-4.382

< 0.001

-0.055

Former smoker

-0.016

-1.952

0.050

-0.022

Drinking

18.37

< 0.001

Never drink

Ref.

Occasional drinker

-0.007

-2.091

0.040

-0.024

Frequent drinker

-0.046

-7.160

< 0.001

-0.086

Former drinker

-0.022

-2.933

< 0.001

-0.032

Participation in physical activities

23.63

< 0.001

Frequent participation

Ref.

Occasional participation

-0.010

-3.005

< 0.001

-0.036

Never participate

-0.034

-8.292

< 0.001

-0.099

Uncertain

-0.022

-2.582

0.010

-0.027

Changes in self-perceived health status compared to the previous year

161.30

< 0.001

No change

Ref.

Improved

-0.018

-4.853

< 0.001

-0.054

Worsened

-0.090

-21.686

< 0.001

-0.244

Uncertain

-0.039

-8.582

< 0.001

-0.095

Presence of chronic diseases

389.89

< 0.001

No

Ref.

Yes

-0.065

-19.746

< 0.001

-0.223